Resisitivity Through Copper Wire Free Essays

string(54) " correspond to the level of precision of the reading\." Measuring the Resistivity of Copper Wire of Different Lengths In this report I will be writing about the experiment I will conduct on copper wire of different lengths. The dependent variable I will be measuring is the resistance of the Copper wire. To do this experiment, one needs to obtain measurements with a high degree of accuracy, taking care of the equipment they use and measuring each value to a certain degree of accuracy for all results. We will write a custom essay sample on Resisitivity Through Copper Wire or any similar topic only for you Order Now The problem with measuring the resistivity of Copper wire is due to the properties of copper as a material. Copper naturally has a low resistance due to it being a superconductor, meaning that it only has a resistance of minute amounts. As it has this property, it is important to use a copper wire specimen that is long enough and thin enough to have an appreciable resistance. The normal value for the resistivity of copper is about 10-8? m. A 1m length of copper wire with a cross sectional area of 1mm? (10-6m? ) can be predicted to have a resistance of 0. 01?. This can be calculated by using the resistance formula of: R=? lA? 10-8 ? m x 1m10-6m2=10-2? The wire I will use is going to be thinner than this and will vary in length from 0. -1. 0 metres with a difference of 0. 2m from the previous wire specimen. In total I will have 5 different lengths. Apparatus: * Voltmeter- Accuracy stated as ( ± 0. 5% Read. + 1dgt) in the user manual * Ammeter- Accuracy stated as ( ± 1. 2% Read. + 1dgt) in the user manual * Battery Supply of 6V * Copper Wire * 1m Ruler in cm * Scissors * Electrical Wires * Crocodile clips * Micrometer Method: The following procedure described below is how I intend to gain my results: 1. I will measure out the different lengths of copper wire I intend to use using a millimetre ruler to gain the most accurate results I can. 2. Once he lengths are cut, the diameter of the copper wire I am using must be measured. To gain the most accurate result, I will use a micrometer and measure the diameter in several places on the wire and take an average value from these readings to work out the average cross sectional area. 3. I will connect the first length of wire into an electrical circuit, making sure that current can flow through the entire length of the copper wire connected. The circuit will look like this diagram: V V A A 4. The voltage will be recorded across the wire and the current running through it. 5. To find the resistance of the wire I will use the formula V=IR. . The resistivity can then be worked out using the formula: ? =RAL where R is the resi stance calculated, A is the cross sectional area of the copper wire calculated and L is the length of the copper wire. The measurements shall be recorded in the following table shown below: Resistivity of Wire The physical properties of a wire can either be categorised as being an intrinsic property or an extrinsic property. The difference between the two categories of properties is that intrinsic properties do not depend on the amount of material that is present, whereas extrinsic properties do depend on the amount of material that is present. In the following investigation of the resistivity of copper wire, one could say that the value of the voltage, resistance and current are all intrinsic properties of the copper wire. The extrinsic value of the copper wire would be its resistivity. The resistivity of the copper wire will be dependent on the material itself, which is copper. The resistivity of a material can be defined as the resistance of a 1m length with 1m? cross-sectional area. As the resistivity of material depends mainly on the properties of the material itself, each material whether it is copper or pure silicon has its own resistivity coefficient. The coefficient for copper is 1. 72 ? 10-8? m. This value may seem very small for resistivity, but if one were to know that copper is classed as a superconductor meaning that it conducts electricity extremely well, they would know that in order for the conductance to be very high, the resistivity must be very low. This can also be explained by the fact that resistivity is the inverse of conductivity (? =1? ). The potential difference across the copper wire (measured in volts) and the flow of charge (the current) through the copper wire are related through the resistance of the copper wire, not its resistivity. In order to find the resistivity, one needs to work out the resistance first by using the equation R=VI , and then from this they can use the formula ? =RAL to find the resistance. The â€Å"A† represents the cross-sectional area of the wire that will be used in the experiment. The resistance of the wire is expected to double in value when the length of the wire doubles in size. The resistivity however, should stay near enough the same throughout all of the repeats conducted. Reducing the uncertainty in the results There are some factors which could affect the accuracy of my results in the experiment of the resistivity of copper wire. One of the factors which could affect the accuracy of my results is to do with the measuring devices I use to conduct the experiment. Any measuring device can only be used to measure to a certain degree of accuracy. It is this certain degree which determines how accurate your results are to the true value. In my experiment, I am using a 3? Digits Multifunction Multimeter (DMM) to measure the current through the circuit and the potential difference (p. d. ) across the copper wire. The main advantage of using a DMM compared to using an analogue voltmeter is the fact that they allow you to record a value to a certain number of decimal places by having different ranges which correspond to the level of precision of the reading. You read "Resisitivity Through Copper Wire" in category "Essay examples" In the experiment I am conducting, I will be measuring the p. d. to a resolution of 0. 001V using the 2V range on the multimeter. Having the resolution to this degree of measurement ensures that I get a voltage reading to 3 decimal places increasing the accuracy of the reading and allowing me to obtain a closer value to the true value. The accuracy for the ammeter has been published as being  ±1. 2% of the reading + 1 LSD for the range (200mA) and resolution (0. 1mA) I will be using for the current. This means that the value I will record will be 1. 2% of the true value of the current +0. 1mA. I am using the 200mA range rather than the 20A range because the resolution of the result is greater than that of the 20A range. This will record a more accurate result which reduces the uncertainty in my results. Similarly the range I will use on the voltmeter which is at 2V has an accuracy of  ±0. 5% of the reading + 1 LSD, which is even more accurate. Another factor which can affect the resistivity of the result is the temperature of the copper wire. This can affect the resistivity by changing the value of the resistance to make the resistance less proportional to that of the length of wire. Normally the resistance of a wire will increase as the length of the wire increases due to their being more atoms in the wire for the electrons to pass by in order to get the through the entire length of wire. As the increase in resistance ? increase in length, the resistance should double when the length of the copper wire is doubled. In order to try and make sure the resistance is not affected by temperature, I will connect the copper wire up into the circuit at a low voltage so that the copper wire will not warm up and increase in resistance due to the atoms inside vibrating more. I will also be using a micrometer to measure the diameter of the wire. I am using a micrometer instead of a standard cm ruler because the level of uncertainty is far less than that of a ruler. The micrometer allows me to record a value for the diameter of the wire with an uncertainty of  ±0. 0005mm, whereas with an ordinary ruler with mm markings, the uncertainty would be  ±0. 1mm. Results: These are the results I collected from the experiment carried out. All of the data is raw data that I have collected myself and has not been manipulated in way at all. N. B- The diameter of the wire was measured to be 0. 435mm. The cross sectional area was calculated as being 1. 48? 10-7m2. This value was used throughout the experiment to work out the different resistivity values using the resistivity equation as stated previously. Repeat| Length of Wire (m)| Voltage (V)| Current (A)| Resistance (? )| Resistivity (? m)| 1| 0. 2| 0. 044| 1. 911| 0. 023| 1. 71E-08| 2| 0. 2| 0. 042| 1. 907| 0. 022| 1. 64E-08| 3| 0. 2| 0. 043| 1. 909| 0. 23| 1. 67E-08| 1| 0. 4| 0. 088| 1. 882| 0. 047| 1. 74E-08| 2| 0. 4| 0. 085| 1. 879| 0. 045| 1. 68E-08| 3| 0. 4| 0. 087| 1. 869| 0. 047| 1. 73E-08| 1| 0. 6| 0. 132| 1. 839| 0. 072| 1. 78E-08| 2| 0. 6| 0. 135| 1. 845| 0. 073| 1. 81E-08| 3| 0. 6| 0. 129| 1. 839| 0. 070| 1. 74E-08| 1| 0. 8| 0. 158| 1. 748| 0. 090| 1. 68E-08| 2| 0. 8| 0. 163| 1. 741| 0. 094| 1. 74E-08| 3| 0. 8| 0. 159| 1. 745| 0. 091| 1. 69E-08| 1| 1. 0| 0. 207| 1. 739| 0. 119| 1. 77E-08| 2| 1. 0| 0. 209| 1. 738| 0. 120| 1. 79E-08| 3| 1. 0| 0. 201| 1. 710| 0. 118| 1. 75E-08| From the table above, I also worked out the averages of the results measured from the experiment. Repeat| Length of Wire (m)| Voltage (V)| Average V| Current (I)| Average I| Resistance (? )| Average R| Resistivity (? m)| 1| 0. 2| 0. 044| 0. 043| 1. 911| 1. 909| 0. 023| 0. 023| 1. 71E-08| 2| 0. 2| 0. 042| | 1. 907| | 0. 022| | 1. 64E-08| 3| 0. 2| 0. 043| | 1. 909| | 0. 023| | 1. 67E-08| 1| 0. 4| 0. 088| 0. 087| 1. 882| 1. 877| 0. 047| 0. 046| 1. 74E-08| 2| 0. 4| 0. 085| | 1. 879| | 0. 045| | 1. 68E-08| 3| 0. 4| 0. 087| | 1. 869| | 0. 047| | 1. 73E-08| 1| 0. 6| 0. 132| 0. 132| 1. 839| 1. 841| 0. 072| 0. 072| 1. 78E-08| 2| 0. 6| 0. 135| | 1. 845| | 0. 073| | 1. 81E-08| 3| 0. 6| 0. 129| | 1. 839| | 0. 70| | 1. 74E-08| 1| 0. 8| 0. 158| 0. 160| 1. 748| 1. 745| 0. 090| 0. 092| 1. 68E-08| 2| 0. 8| 0. 163| | 1. 741| | 0. 094| | 1. 74E-08| 3| 0. 8| 0. 159| | 1. 745| | 0. 091| | 1. 69E-08| 1| 1. 0| 0. 207| 0. 206| 1. 739| 1. 729| 0. 119| 0. 119| 1. 77E-08| 2| 1. 0| 0. 209| | 1. 738| | 0. 120| | 1. 79E-08| 3| 1. 0| 0. 201| | 1. 710| | 0. 118| | 1. 75E-08| Uncertainties within my results: Bef ore creating the graph of my results, I calculated the overall uncertainties of each measurement within this experiment, so that I could see where the most uncertainty of the average resistivity value comes from. To calculate the uncertainty for each measurement, I took the average measurement that had the biggest difference from its original data. The Percentage of uncertainties of each measurement was as follows: * Percentage uncertainty of the Voltage V= 0. 206 ±0. 005 V Uncertainty in V= 0. 0050. 206? 100%?  ±2. 43% * Percentage uncertainty of the Current I=1. 729 ±0. 019 A Uncertainty in I=0. 0191. 729? 100%?  ±1. 10% * Percentage of Uncertainty in Resistance R=V/I Uncertainty of R=1. 10%+2. 43%?  ±3. 53% * Percentage of Uncertainty in Length Uncertainty=0. 6 ±0. 001m Uncertainty in L=0. 0010. 6? 100%?  ±0. 17% Percentage of Uncertainty in Area: The Diameter of the wire is 0. 435 ±0. 0005mm The best area where the diameter is 0. 435mm A=? 0. 21752? 0. 1486mm2? 1. 486? 10-7m2 The Maximum area where the diameter is ? 0. 4355mm A=? 0. 217752? 0. 1489mm2? 1. 489? 10-7m2 The Minimum area where the diameter is ? 0. 4345mm A=? 0. 217252? 0. 1482mm2? 1. 482? 10-7m2 So the area is 0. 148 ±0. 0004mm2 with a percentage uncertainty of: A=0. 00040. 148? 100%?  ±0. 27% * So the percentage uncertainty in the Resistivity can be calculated as the sum of all the uncertainties in the experiment: ? =RAL=3. 53%+0. 27%+0. 17%= ±3. 97% The percentages of instrument error are as follows: * Voltmeter reading is  ±0. 0005V Instrumental error in Voltmeter= 0. 00050. 206? 100? 0. 24% * Ammeter reading is  ±0. 0005A Instrumental error in Ammeter=0. 00051. 729? 100? 0. 03% * Micrometer reading is  ±0. 0005mm Instrumental error in Mircometer=0. 00050. 435? 100? 0. 11% * The total instrumental error is the total of each instrumental error stated above which would be 0. 38%. Graph 1: Graph 2: Data Analysis: In all of my results that I have collected, there is a strong relationship between the increasing length of wire and the value for the resistance. One would expect this strong correlation between the resistance and the length since one of the simple laws of electrical resistance is that it increases proportionally with the increase in the length of the wire. One can explain this through the understanding of electrons in a circuit and the atoms arranged within the components in a circuit. With my experiment of copper wire, a current passed through my circuit once a voltage was applied to the circuit. When the electrons were given energy to move they passed through the circuit to the copper wire where they experienced the resistance which was calculated. As the lengths of the copper wire increase, the amount of fixed atoms within the structure of the wire increases. Due to this the electrons have a higher chance of colliding with the fixed atoms, which causes the wire to heat up and increase the resistance. One can see the certainty in the correlation between the average resistance and the length of the copper wire by looking at the gradient of the line of best fit within graph 1. The gradient shows that R? =0. 9984, showing an extremely strong positive correlation between the two variables. From the equation of the gradient displayed in graph 1, the average resistivity can be calculated which takes into account all of the points within the data collected. The gradient of the line shows the equation Resistance (R)Length (L). In the calculation for resistivity, one not only needs the value of RL, but also needs the cross sectional area of the wire. If the cross sectional area of the wire is multiplied by the gradient, then the average resistivity can be calculated: ? =RAL=0. 1192? 1. 486? 10-7m2? 1. 77? 10-8? m In Graph 2, the percentage of uncertainty of each average resistance was displayed in the vertical error bars. The percentage of uncertainty of the length of the wire was so small that it was not worth adding to the graph since it is extremely hard to see on the graph. From these percentage uncertainties of the average resistance in the experiment, one can calculate the maximum and the minimum values for the resistivity from looking at the gradients like we did for graph 1. To calculate the minimum gradient, I took the gradient of the line from the maximum uncertainty in the lowest resistance to the minimum uncertainty of the highest resistance. I did this to obtain the shallowest gradient possible from all the points on the graph. I then multiplied this gradient by the smallest area value. lowest ? =0. 1144? 1. 482? 10-7m2? 1. 70? 10-8? m For the maximum value of resistivity, I took the value of the gradient of the line from the minimum uncertainty in the lowest resistance to the maximum uncertainty of the highest resistance. I did this to obtain the steepest gradient possible from all of the points on the graph. I then multiplied this by the maximum area. maximum ? =0. 1263? (1. 489? 10-7m2)? 1. 88? 10-8? m After looking at the average, minimum and maximum values of the resistivity taking into account all of the uncertainties within the calculation one could say that from the investigation conducted, the resistivity of copper wire is 1. 76? 10-8 ±1. 2? 10-9. The percentage uncertainty of the resistivity would then be: 1. 2? 10-91. 76? 10-8? 100%? 6. 8% Biggest Source of Uncertainty From looking at all of the percentage uncertainties for all my measurements, the resistance produced the most uncertainty. The uncertainty of resistance was worked out by adding up the uncertainty of the voltage and the current measured. It must have been from these two calculations where the uncertainty of the resistance became noticed. From calculating the instrumental errors of the multimeter used as a voltmeter and an ammeter, I would not conclude that the vast majority of the error came from the accuracy of the apparatus. I would say that the average resistance I calculated was from the average current which had the biggest difference from its original data, and the average voltage which had the biggest difference from its original data. The average data I had chosen was 0. 206 ±0. 05V and the average data I had chosen for current was 1. 729 ±0. 019A, as they had the biggest uncertainties. Due to this fact I would have produced an uncertainty which had the biggest difference from the original value, so the maximum possible uncertainty for the resistance. Anomalies and Systematic Errors I did not have any anomalous results when looking at the average resistance graph. All of the points plotted show strong cor relation with the increase in length. Systematic errors may have contributed to some of my resistivity values being higher or lower than my overall average. An example of this could have been when measuring the diameter of the copper wire. The micrometer did not let me know if both of the sides of the copper wire were touching the micrometer measuring device sufficiently enough or whether or not it was touching both sides of the copper wire more than enough, which would then mean it squashed the diameter of the wire resulting in a lower diameter at certain points across the wire, since I took 3 readings and averaged them out. If this was the case, then one of my wires may have had a higher resistance than the others. One other systematic error may have come from the battery pack. It may have had a temporary glitch in which less electrical energy was sent through the circuit meaning less current was flowing through the circuit, resulting in a larger resistance than that of the previous recording with the same length of wire. This would also alter the final value of the resistivity. Another uncertainty which would be counted as human error could have been the position at which I had placed the crocodile clips at either end of the copper wire. For the same length of wire, the crocodile clip may have been placed further away from the end of the copper wire than the previous measurement, meaning that the length of the wire would have decreased marginally which may have resulted in a lower resistance recording. Also, when I measured the length of the copper wire, I had to straighten out the length of the wire since it was coiled. When doing this I may have accidently pulled the length of the wire increasing its length by a fractional amount. Having said this, it may have altered the resistance measured in the wire making it larger than it should have been since the electrons have to travel a longer distance. Evaluation After looking at all of my results, I believe that the method I used and the ways of reducing the uncertainty in my experiment were effective. The instrumental errors were minimal and the overall uncertainty of my final calculation of resistivity was a low value. The resistivity value itself did alter but mainly stayed constant throughout the experiment. As I have said, I do not believe this was because of the accuracy of the multimeters I used but due to other factors such as changes in the environment like temperature, or due to systematic errors to do with the battery pack I used. To decrease the uncertainty in my resistance measured, I could use an even lower resolution on my voltmeter (0. 1mV) and ammeter (0. 001mA) to reduce the negative effect of Least Significant Digits (LSD) and to give the most accurate result. This way I could then increase the precision of my results and record a value which is closer to the true value When comparing my average value of resistivity with the published value of resistivity which is 1. 72? 10-8? m, my average value is very close to the published value which shows the level of accuracy throughout my experiment considering the more precise tools that were used by the professionals to gain the published value. The repeats I did helped me to record a value for the resistivity that was close to the published value by reducing the random uncertainty in my results. To gain even more accuracy I could do more repeats, or I could alter the intervals between each length to 0. 1m to increase my range of data. That way I will reduce even more random error within my data. I could also change the different diameters of the wire or change the material I use to compare these results with those and see how they differ. One other change I could do next time is to use an Alternating Current (AC) rather than a Direct Current (DC), since AC is more conventional in houses so it would have provided further information as to how good copper is in the use of houses. How to cite Resisitivity Through Copper Wire, Essay examples

Liability and Contributory Negligence

Question: Discuss about the Liability and Contributory Negligence. Answer: Introduction: In this question, Rebecca and Michelle had gone to attend a performance by Oprah Winfrey. However as a result of a ticketing issue at the box office, the performance got delayed. Therefore, both of them drank wine at a bar while waiting for the performance to start. After the performance, Rebecca knew that Michelle was too drunk but still she decided to ride with Michelle in a car. But after some time, as Michelle was driving to unsafely, Rebecca told her to stop the car as she wanted to get out. But Michelle did not stop the car and after some time the car collided. Rebecca underwent serious injuries in the accident including a broken leg. As a result, now Rebecca wants to know if she can hold Michelle liable and also the effect of the defense of contributory negligence on this case. The law of tort describes contributory negligence as claimants behavior that has contributed in the injury of the claimant because the claimant did not fulfill the standard of care that would have been exercised by any other person under such circumstances for the purpose of avoiding the injury or to avoid the loss that was suffered by the claimant (Mason, 1987). Therefore generally a party facing a claim for negligence uses the defense of contributory negligence. However, the defense of contributory negligence is available only if the defendant is in a position to establish that it was also the fault of the claimant in some way and such fault has also contributed in part, regarding the injury that has been suffered by the claimant (Seddon, 1999). For this purpose, the defendant is also legally required to establish that in case it was just and equitable if the damages payable to the claimant are reduced so that the fault on part of the claimant can be considered (Legg, 1999) Therefore in such cases, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the claimant has also contributed in negligence. An example in this regard can be given of Dann v Hamilton (1939), when the claimant accepted the lift offered by the defendant even while being aware that the defendant was too drunk. The court stated that the defense of volenti non fit injuria will not be applicable in such a case. But the situation would be different if extreme circumstances were presen t, for example if the driver was so down that the drunkenness of the driver was obvious and thus it can be said that an obvious and glaring risk was accepted by the plaintiff (Palmer and Davies, 1980). Owens v Brimmell (1977) also needs to be discussed in this regard. Both the driver and passenger took wine. When they were returning home, the driver lost control and the car hit a lamp post. While deciding the case, the Court of Appeal stated that the passenger has also contributed in negligence because the passenger decided to ride with the defendant even when he was aware of the fact that the driver had consumed alcohol in a large quantity and as a result, it was difficult for the driver to drive safely and properly. The passenger can also be held liable for contributory negligence when the driver was aware of the fact that on the way back, the car will have to be driven by the companion but still the passenger accompanied the driver in excessive drinking. Therefore in such cases, although the defense of volenti non fit injuria is not applicable however the amount of damages awarded to the claimant can be reduced due to the contributory negligence of the claimant. Similarly in Astley v Austrust Limited (1999) , the matter before the court was if the claimant was responsible for contributory negligence because under the contract, it was decided by the defendant to protect the claimant from any loss/damage that may be caused due to the breach. In this case, the court also have to consider if the damages awarded to the plaintiff for the breach of contract can be reduced in view of plaintiffs contributory negligence. The answer given by the High Court to the first problem was in affirmative, the unsettled the second question was negative. However in view of this decision, in most of the states in Australia, amendments have been introduced to reverse the effect of the decision given in this case (Lockhart, 1989). In the present question, Rebecca and Michelle took wine while there were waiting for the show of Oprah Winfrey to start. But while returning back, Rebecca knew that Michelle was too drunk and therefore she cannot drive properly. Still Rebecca accepted to sit with Michelle. Similarly when they were consuming wine, Rebecca knew very well that the car will be driven by Michelle on their way back but she joined her in excessive drinking. But when it became clear that mission could not drive safely, Rebecca wanted to get out. Nonetheless, Michelle kept on driving and the car crashed and Rebecca underwent serious injuries. In this case, under the circumstances, Rebecca has suffered the injuries on account of the negligence of Michelle and at the same time, Michelle had breached the duty of care towards the persons who were riding with her in the car. On the other hand, it can be claimed by Michelle that Rebecca knew very well that Michelle was done when she accepted the ride. Consequently, the risk has been voluntarily assumed by Rebecca. Or in other words, it can be said that Rebecca had also contributed in the negligence due to which she had suffered the injuries. Therefore, Rebecca can sue Michelle for the injuries suffered by our but at the same time Michelle can also claim the defense of contributory negligence due to which the amount of damages awarded to Rebecca may be reduced. References Legg, M. (1999) 'The High Court's Decision on Contractual Liability and Contributory Negligence in Asrtey v Austrust Ltd 17 Aust Bar Rev 262 Lockhart C. (1989) 'Contributory Negligence as a Defence to a Claim for Breach of Contract: Arthur Young Co I, WA Chip Pulp Co Pty Ltd' 19 UWAL Rev 411 Mason, K. (1987) 'Contract and Tort: Looking Across the Boundary from the Side of Contract' 61 ALJ 228 Palmer, N.E. and Davies P.J. (1980) 'Contributory Negligence and Breach of Contract: English and Australasian Attitudes Compared' 29 Int Comp LQ 415 Seddon, N. (1999) 'Contract Remcdics where both Parties are at Fault' Remedies Teachers Conference (Melbourne) 7 Astley v Austrust Limited, 1999, 197 CLR 1 Dann v Hamilton [1939] 1 KB 509 Owens v Brimmell [1977] 1 QB 859

Starbucks vs. Tim Hortons

Debates about coffee exist since Hortons and Starbucks, the two major coffee joints, were launched. Both Hortons and Starbucks have some similar features and the common feature is that they both serve coffee and donuts. Hortons and Starbucks serve more coffee than any other product.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks vs. Tim Hortons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Certainly, Starbucks is much more famous than Tim Hortons since it provides quality products, free internet access, and various samples for its customers to try. It has popularized itself in social networks such as Facebook and Twitter (Walsh, 2010). Starbucks is using different approaches to cope with current competitive settings and provides quality products which satisfy its customers. Services of Starbucks and Hortons Starbucks provides quality products which most customers have appreciated despite their prices. Customers who sign up for Sta rbucks become members of Starbucks rewards, their balances are protected if their cards are stolen or misplaced, and obtain gifts on their birthdays. These are not the only benefits customers receive from Starbucks which have made it more popular than Hortons. Starbucks has made history by becoming the first company to obtain ten million fans on Facebook, social networking site. They are ahead of Coca-Cola by more than three million fans. Starbucks has participated in supporting organization like Starbucks China Education Project and China Soong Ching Ling Foundation. They donated US$6.75 million to support projects intended at supporting teachers and children in rural regions of China (QSR, 2012). Starbucks also donated US$800,000 to the China Women Development Foundation that was initiated to help projects which are intended at supporting Chinese women receive access to essential services like safe drinking water (QSR, 2012). Prices One thing which mostly differentiates the two is their prices, where Hortons is much cheaper than Starbucks. Tim Hortons is less expensive and favors workers coming from small businesses. Most people consider that Hortons is involved in unfair trade and this makes their products cheaper than Starbucks. Farmers who sell their products to Hortons are paid low prices. However, Starbucks ensure that these farmers are paid correct amount of money for their products they supply to Starbucks. Most people consider that Starbucks provide quality products to their customers compared to Hortons.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Starbucks alters their drinks precisely the way they want it, while Hortons often add flavor substances to their drinks to increase taste and reduce extra expenses (Barnea, 2011). Although Tim Hortons is a fastest developing coffee joint in Canada and United States, Starbucks is also catching up due to their q uality products it offers to its customers. Most companies and businesses are going green in this competitive environment. Starbucks offers environmental friendly products. It provides sleeves to put on coffee cups to prevent hands from burning and sleeves are manufactured from 60 percent consumer fiber. Even their coffee cups are manufactured from recycled papers that make their products eco-friendly. Hortons does not provide these sleeves and their cups are doubled. They are not manufactured from consumer fibers or recycled papers to prevent hands from burning. Strategies of Starbucks Starbucks has opened more branches than Hortons. The key motivation which pushes Starbucks to launch more branches globally is to obtain access to bigger markets. It benefits from various associations and joint ventures to develop its market control overseas. It has opened more branches outside Canada and United States that have been developed by its aim of becoming environmental leader in all aspect s of their business. Starbucks intends to manage a business that possesses quality standards and is beyond reproach in the domestic and international business market. Starbucks expanded its business internationally to increase its market limit and carry on to develop its business. Starbucks has opened branches in 43 countries due to its target of keeping a better and stronger market (Walsh, 2010). All countries which Starbucks has opened branches have their own practices and cultural differences. Starbucks uses associations and joint ventures to help ease some of the difficulties of growing overseas. There are around 750 stores which have been opened in Japan and these were made possible by joint ventures with Japanese companies which permitted it to achieve cultural understanding (Walsh, 2010). Starbucks has been working to provide a range of essential products, but it is not limiting itself in new products either. It works to make new products for various geographic regions due to the conflicting cultural experiences which match them. Starbucks is eager to respond to various conflicting cultural and environmental factors and due to that, it has been equipped to develop radically as a company since its started initially in a small store in Seattle. Conclusion Both Starbucks and Hortons are well-known companies in several countries. They have their own strategies which make their customers keep on coming to buy their products. Starbucks is much more famous than Hortons because of its quality products. However, more employees from small businesses visit frequently Hortons to have cheaper and affordable coffee and other products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks vs. Tim Hortons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prices at Starbucks are almost double the prices of products in Hortons, but most customers consider that their products are high quality than Hortons. Starbucks has expanded into international market using different strategies to attain its target and prevent all challenges which are experienced in different cultures abroad. References Barnea, A. (2011). Lack of peripheral vision: How Starbucks failed in Israel. African Journal of Marketing Management , 3(4): 78-88. QSR. (2012). Starbucks to Support Rural Education in China. Web. Walsh, M. (2010). Starbucks Tops 10 Million Facebook Fans. 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Cicero Essay essays

Cicero Essay essays Not to know what took place before you were born is to remain forever a child(Cicero.) This quote is proven in many areas of our worlds history. It shows that a lack of knowledge of the past can cause prejudice and intolerance in the present day. This assignment was timed appropriately, because the quote automatically reminded me of the fatal attacks in New York one year ago: September 11, 2002. The horrible events that occurred on that day one year ago could have been prevented if the barrier of ignorance toward the mistakes of the past had been overcome. The vicious attacks by the Al-Qaeda were similar to the ones at Pearl Harbour on December 7, 1941. If the people of the Al-Qaeda considered the damage and pain that the Japanese caused in 1941, maybe the outcome of last years attacks would have been different. The outcome could have been more peaceful, with less destruction - both physical and emotional. The racial intolerance that came out of September 11th was also similar to the aftermath of Pearl Harbour. After the attacks in 1941, any Japanese in Canada were forced to work in restricted areas. Their homes and all possessions were taken away leaving them with nothing, and working in unbearable conditions. The Canadians were in fear that Japanese living in Canada could possibly be working as spies. Their fear took over the reasonable thinking that goes along with making such a horrible accusation. Out of pure fear, the lives of the Japanese were made horrible because of the acts of a few. The similar occurrences happened after 9/11. Places of worship were burned down, people harassed others simply because or origin or religion. The center of peoples lives was to trust no one and to hate those who belonged to the same ethnic group as the terrorists. Simply unacceptable behavior rose to the surface. Instead of empathizing with those survivor ...

Should sick people pay more for health insurance Research Paper

Should sick people pay more for health insurance - Research Paper Example However, I do not think sick people should pay more for health insurance. This is because doing so would create several ethical issues that may in turn lead to crisis. It is worth noting that the value of life cannot be quantified by money. Making sick people to pay more for health insurance would create some shadow of discrimination amongst the people in the society. The feeling of not being wanted would set in the sick. Surely the sick need the support of the society to keep them psychological and emotionally strong. They need this support more than the healthy. When such a thing happens, we would be killing these people by making demanding much from them instead of supporting them. Besides, sickness is not a permanent condition thus it is wrong to assume that if someone is sick today, then they will be sick tomorrow. It is therefore unnecessary to make people pay more when their conditions are not permanent. It will therefore inhuman to subject the sick in more expenses when they need our

International Business Management Research Paper

International Business Management - Research Paper Example Australia possesses remarkable diversity of life forms which is unique compared to rest of the world, its diverse culture and lifestyle reflects its liberal democratic traditions and migrants. According to Aswathappa (2010) the environment of international business is regarded as the sum total of all the external forces working upon the firm as it goes about its affairs in foreign and domestic markets. Understanding of the Australian business culture can relieve tension in a business transaction and make it beneficial and enjoyable for both business parties (Nolan 1996). Australia enjoys political stability and has a federal system of government with powers generally distributed between the Federal Government and State Governments all of which are governed through elected Parliaments. Australia’s foreign investment policy encourages FDIs which are consistent with community interests and they are required to register and get approval from FIRB in certain categories like proposa l to establish new business, investment in sensitive sectors, acquisition of assets and shares and real estate (Feslers, 2010). According to AMB Country Risk Report (2010) Australia in a Country Risk Tier (CRT) – 1 country with very low levels of economic, political and financial system risk and experienced 18 years of uninterrupted economic expansion. With such rich natural resources and diversity in socioeconomic and political background, Australia is the best place to start a new business as stated by World Bank report and also due to low risk factors. Introduction The globalization process has made it compulsory for the companies to expand their business operations beyond its national boundaries and enter the international market and to operate in global market. As the global economy continues to develop, managers need to learn the process of working and operating business in international arena in the same way as they do in their own backyard (Lane et al, 2005). Successf ul corporations embrace a global perspective and philosophy to survive and prosper in the international environment which is a challenge for the companies to deal with the dynamic environment (Punnett, 2010). International business as a field of study and practice encompasses that public and private business activity affecting the persons or institutions of more than one national state, territory or colony. The effect may be in terms of their economic well being, political status, conviction skills or knowledge, International business differs from the purely domestic because it involves operating effectively within different national sovereignties, under widely disparate conditions, with peoples living with different value systems and institutions, legal systems, etc. In order to make a movement or take a decision for international expansion, it is important and essential to make a strategic approach taking into consideration the domestic environment of the country selected for the expansion, the socio economic environment, the structure of the international economic and political system, and company resources. This paper presents the possibilities and factors to conduct business in Australia and provisions and facilities in form of encouragement like certain exemptions provided the host country to promote foreign investments. Background on the country

The earnings report management in the United Kingdom Essay

The earnings report management in the United Kingdom - Essay Example This research aims to evaluate and present the aspects that include adverse market reactions to the share price put on a listed entity incase outcomes fall short of the expectations of the market, the relationship of executive managers; salaries to results, stock options and capital gains, compliance with loan covenants and understating profits for the reduction of tax liabilities among others. In the United States of America, financial reporting has been strengthened with vigorous investigations of earnings manipulation and manager dealings. This was highly used by US SEC and other regulatory authorities. This was done mainly because financial frauds that have occurred recently have been due to insider trade relationships and earnings manipulation. In addition, there have been changes in accounting discretion, which influence issues that touch on accounting and financial earnings. One of the most famous methods that managers can use to manage earnings is through the administration o f accruals with avoidance of direct cash flow outcomes. Some examples are unjustifiable dreadful debts requirements, delay in asset write-offs and opportunistic assortment of accounting techniques among others. However, the discretionary element of accruals has created a loophole for executive to manipulate the accrual element of earnings. Because of the flexibility provided by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), accrual earnings management could result to managerial discretion.