How Can I Increase My Spanish Vocabulary

Do you want to increase your Spanish vocabulary? What works for your best friend in expanding the number of Spanish words you know might not work for you, and vice versa — but something will. So here are 10 suggestions made by readers of this site: Try one or more out and see if the work for you. Use Spanish Words Actively There was an English vocabulary-building program (I think it was a feature in a long-ago magazine) whose slogan was Use a word three times and it is yours. And I think that is the key — its why your vocabulary increases when you are in certain environments, for there you dont just receive the words passively, but use them actively. Since you may not often be in such environments, perhaps inventing sentences that contain the new words would help. Or maybe you could look for opportunities to use the new words, like talking about the seasons or whatever new topic you have learned about, even if it means talking to yourself. Use New Spanish Words Right Away I really dont think there are many tricks ... you basically have to slodge through the memory process. I have a German friend living here who has come to speak Spanish enough to get along very well. One of his tricks is when he comes across a new word in conversation, he will use it two or three times within the next 20 minutes. Sometimes what he comes up with seems a bit forced, but I think it really helps him to plant the word in his head. Of course, the larger your English vocabulary the easier it will be since you can find more cognates. And your vocabulary within the sphere of your professional or social life will always be much larger than your average vocabulary. What I mean is, sitting here right now without thinking, I would have no idea how to say piston ring in Spanish (and I really dont care) simply because I have nothing to do with engines, except to use one to get around, on a day-to-day basis. But I suppose I could get around it if I had to by trying to describe it with vocabulary I do know, and eventually the mechanic will tell me what it is. But isnt that true of English also? Write to Others in Spanish Thinking in Spanish and simultaneously translating it and using it all the time helps me. I learned Portuguese because I wrote to about 20 people a day. When you write to 20 different people, just as if you were to talk to them, youd be talking about a lot of different things and using a lot of different words, and thus increasingly your vocabulary without even thinking about it. Whats really cool is the thing works. Find an Email Partner Another oldie-but-goodie idea: email practice partners. I think that if you can find a Spanish-speaking English student whose English is on par with your Spanish and whose motivation and ability to commit time is similar to yours — for me that has worked as well as anything. My experience was that it wasnt as difficult to find someone like that for e-mail exchange as it was to find someone to practice with in person. If you cant find that situation, trying to keep a journal in Spanish might serve somewhat the same purpose. Read Newspapers and Magazines Online Reading is good too. But for building vocabulary, it is better to be reading from newspapers, magazines and literature (this can also give you cultural insights you dont get from textbooks). There is a lot of Spanish-language literature and there are a lot of Spanish language newspapers and magazines online. Native Speakers Glad To Help I have a few penpals that I write to. One in particular I have written to for about five years and he has helped me a great deal. Some of them are learning English and I can help them as well. I would not have gotten as far as I have had it not been for these good people taking the time to help me. Sometimes there are things that they cant really answer, but just being able to write freely to them has been great. Not only have I learned a lot about Spanish but also about their country and culture. Reading Online a Good Way To Learn I really do believe in reading as a way of building vocabulary, although it must be done in conjunction with speaking the language to someone every now and then! I find that the more I read, the more when I get stuck trying to express something in spoken conversation, a phrase will spring to mind that I have read — perhaps in a slightly different context — in a newspaper or magazine. I have really stepped up my Spanish reading when it occurred to me that my English vocabulary is infinitely richer for all the reading I do. In the past I would be reluctant to spend money on reading material in Spanish because I was afraid the subjects would be too obscure or the vocabulary too hard. Now that there is so much free on the Internet, it is much easier to do! Write a Journal in Spanish My advice is to keep a journal in the language you are trying to learn, put in all your days activities and also add a list of the words you learned that day with the native language translation and a sentence in both languages. You can also use Spanish printables to help you with your journaling. Put Your Spanish Vocabulary in Motion It seems to me new vocabulary is good learned in sentences, but even better learned in stories or environments. Also enhanced further by actual kinetic activity ... doing or acting out the story or word you are learning. This is why i feel you learn so much through new jobs or trips. So try acting out or doing the words as you learn them ... maybe do food word learning in the grocery, or while cooking. Translate the word, say garlic, then speak out loud (important: not in your head) a sentence describing what you are doing: I am cutting garlic. Every one will think you are crazy now, but a linguistic genius later. ... Luckily I live in a major city, New York, with huge Spanish speaking communities, radio and TV. For those who dont and who cant take trips to immerse themselves in the language try this one: I help achieve a level of immersion at home by videotaping Spanish language television, especially news, soaps aka diarios, and movies with the closed-caption feature turned on. I also rent Spanish language movies and turn on the English subtitles, then rent English-language movies and turn on the Spanish subtitles. I hunker in with a dictionary and a cup of tea and enjoy the ride. Be Brave Mostly its practice, practice, practice speaking, especially with native speakers. Be bold and unafraid to make mistakes and tell your Spanish friends (victims?) to correct every one. Because I am already fluent in one Romance language and read Spanish reasonably well, my teacher concentrates on getting me to talk about things that interest me, and we work on my weaknesses. Try to make it fun, dont get too serious. You need to make the time you spend in Spanish, with Spanish people, something you enjoy and look forward to, and this will become easier as you get to know them in their native language. You will make very rapid progress this way. If you have a skill, such as playing an instrument or a sport or game that your Spanish friend(s) would like to learn, then its good idea to offer to teach them, or if you know a Spanish speaker who wants to improve his or her English, try doing half an hour each day. The sharing of the learning process makes the whole thing much more fun for bo th sides, and somehow the vocabulary is locked in better. Learning a new language requires making a complete clown of yourself on a regular basis, but its worth it.

Health is of special value to individuals and communities...

Health is of special value to individuals and communities at large. Good health is of great importance and is necessary for human well-being. Health not only provides intrinsic value in the form of comfort and physical integrity, its importance extends far greater than that and lies in its ability to allow individuals to exercise both civil (e.g. education and family life) as well as economic (e.g. employment) human rights. Without a decent level of health, it is very difficult to ensure economic prosperity and political participation (WHO 2008). The right to health is a fundamental part of human rights and of our understanding of a life of dignity. The right to health however is not absolute and has been variously defined over time.†¦show more content†¦The children within the community suffer from a plethora of highly preventable conditions not often seen in developed countries. Unfortunately, these conditions are often left untreated due to a lack of access to appropriate healthcare. The effect of nutritional deficiencies on their health is compounded by their poor living condition and consequently, fatigue, failure to thrive, chronic diarrhoea, skin and respiratory tract infections contribute to high rates of mortality and morbidity within the community. The prevalence of these highly preventable medical conditions can be attributed to a problem of access. There are only two nurses available to service the entire community of thousands and consequently, patients cannot always be appropriately examined due to time constraints. Secondly, even if conditions are appropriately evaluated, there may be a lack of access to appropriate drugs, dressings and specialists to implement the ideal treatment plan. Furthermore, there is a lack of access to health education within the community itself and therefore reduced understanding of the basic hygiene and lifestyle practises that can prevent or minimise illness. Social injustice occurs when there is an inequality that develops among a population of people (Farmer, Nizeye et al. 2006). This includes health inequalities. Within the Pipeline community, there are numerous contributors to their health disadvantage including poverty, substandard housing, poorShow MoreRelatedCultural Competency in Nursing Care1697 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Competency in Nursing Care Dorcas Jacobs Grand Canyon University: NRS 429V Family Centered Health Promotion September 29, 2013 Cultural Competency in Nursing Care As the United States becomes more and more culturally diverse one cannot help but be exposed to various cultures and worldviews. America has long been called the melting pot, and that term has never been truer than it is today. 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Resisitivity Through Copper Wire Free Essays

string(54) " correspond to the level of precision of the reading\." Measuring the Resistivity of Copper Wire of Different Lengths In this report I will be writing about the experiment I will conduct on copper wire of different lengths. The dependent variable I will be measuring is the resistance of the Copper wire. To do this experiment, one needs to obtain measurements with a high degree of accuracy, taking care of the equipment they use and measuring each value to a certain degree of accuracy for all results. We will write a custom essay sample on Resisitivity Through Copper Wire or any similar topic only for you Order Now The problem with measuring the resistivity of Copper wire is due to the properties of copper as a material. Copper naturally has a low resistance due to it being a superconductor, meaning that it only has a resistance of minute amounts. As it has this property, it is important to use a copper wire specimen that is long enough and thin enough to have an appreciable resistance. The normal value for the resistivity of copper is about 10-8? m. A 1m length of copper wire with a cross sectional area of 1mm? (10-6m? ) can be predicted to have a resistance of 0. 01?. This can be calculated by using the resistance formula of: R=? lA? 10-8 ? m x 1m10-6m2=10-2? The wire I will use is going to be thinner than this and will vary in length from 0. -1. 0 metres with a difference of 0. 2m from the previous wire specimen. In total I will have 5 different lengths. Apparatus: * Voltmeter- Accuracy stated as ( ± 0. 5% Read. + 1dgt) in the user manual * Ammeter- Accuracy stated as ( ± 1. 2% Read. + 1dgt) in the user manual * Battery Supply of 6V * Copper Wire * 1m Ruler in cm * Scissors * Electrical Wires * Crocodile clips * Micrometer Method: The following procedure described below is how I intend to gain my results: 1. I will measure out the different lengths of copper wire I intend to use using a millimetre ruler to gain the most accurate results I can. 2. Once he lengths are cut, the diameter of the copper wire I am using must be measured. To gain the most accurate result, I will use a micrometer and measure the diameter in several places on the wire and take an average value from these readings to work out the average cross sectional area. 3. I will connect the first length of wire into an electrical circuit, making sure that current can flow through the entire length of the copper wire connected. The circuit will look like this diagram: V V A A 4. The voltage will be recorded across the wire and the current running through it. 5. To find the resistance of the wire I will use the formula V=IR. . The resistivity can then be worked out using the formula: ? =RAL where R is the resi stance calculated, A is the cross sectional area of the copper wire calculated and L is the length of the copper wire. The measurements shall be recorded in the following table shown below: Resistivity of Wire The physical properties of a wire can either be categorised as being an intrinsic property or an extrinsic property. The difference between the two categories of properties is that intrinsic properties do not depend on the amount of material that is present, whereas extrinsic properties do depend on the amount of material that is present. In the following investigation of the resistivity of copper wire, one could say that the value of the voltage, resistance and current are all intrinsic properties of the copper wire. The extrinsic value of the copper wire would be its resistivity. The resistivity of the copper wire will be dependent on the material itself, which is copper. The resistivity of a material can be defined as the resistance of a 1m length with 1m? cross-sectional area. As the resistivity of material depends mainly on the properties of the material itself, each material whether it is copper or pure silicon has its own resistivity coefficient. The coefficient for copper is 1. 72 ? 10-8? m. This value may seem very small for resistivity, but if one were to know that copper is classed as a superconductor meaning that it conducts electricity extremely well, they would know that in order for the conductance to be very high, the resistivity must be very low. This can also be explained by the fact that resistivity is the inverse of conductivity (? =1? ). The potential difference across the copper wire (measured in volts) and the flow of charge (the current) through the copper wire are related through the resistance of the copper wire, not its resistivity. In order to find the resistivity, one needs to work out the resistance first by using the equation R=VI , and then from this they can use the formula ? =RAL to find the resistance. The â€Å"A† represents the cross-sectional area of the wire that will be used in the experiment. The resistance of the wire is expected to double in value when the length of the wire doubles in size. The resistivity however, should stay near enough the same throughout all of the repeats conducted. Reducing the uncertainty in the results There are some factors which could affect the accuracy of my results in the experiment of the resistivity of copper wire. One of the factors which could affect the accuracy of my results is to do with the measuring devices I use to conduct the experiment. Any measuring device can only be used to measure to a certain degree of accuracy. It is this certain degree which determines how accurate your results are to the true value. In my experiment, I am using a 3? Digits Multifunction Multimeter (DMM) to measure the current through the circuit and the potential difference (p. d. ) across the copper wire. The main advantage of using a DMM compared to using an analogue voltmeter is the fact that they allow you to record a value to a certain number of decimal places by having different ranges which correspond to the level of precision of the reading. You read "Resisitivity Through Copper Wire" in category "Essay examples" In the experiment I am conducting, I will be measuring the p. d. to a resolution of 0. 001V using the 2V range on the multimeter. Having the resolution to this degree of measurement ensures that I get a voltage reading to 3 decimal places increasing the accuracy of the reading and allowing me to obtain a closer value to the true value. The accuracy for the ammeter has been published as being  ±1. 2% of the reading + 1 LSD for the range (200mA) and resolution (0. 1mA) I will be using for the current. This means that the value I will record will be 1. 2% of the true value of the current +0. 1mA. I am using the 200mA range rather than the 20A range because the resolution of the result is greater than that of the 20A range. This will record a more accurate result which reduces the uncertainty in my results. Similarly the range I will use on the voltmeter which is at 2V has an accuracy of  ±0. 5% of the reading + 1 LSD, which is even more accurate. Another factor which can affect the resistivity of the result is the temperature of the copper wire. This can affect the resistivity by changing the value of the resistance to make the resistance less proportional to that of the length of wire. Normally the resistance of a wire will increase as the length of the wire increases due to their being more atoms in the wire for the electrons to pass by in order to get the through the entire length of wire. As the increase in resistance ? increase in length, the resistance should double when the length of the copper wire is doubled. In order to try and make sure the resistance is not affected by temperature, I will connect the copper wire up into the circuit at a low voltage so that the copper wire will not warm up and increase in resistance due to the atoms inside vibrating more. I will also be using a micrometer to measure the diameter of the wire. I am using a micrometer instead of a standard cm ruler because the level of uncertainty is far less than that of a ruler. The micrometer allows me to record a value for the diameter of the wire with an uncertainty of  ±0. 0005mm, whereas with an ordinary ruler with mm markings, the uncertainty would be  ±0. 1mm. Results: These are the results I collected from the experiment carried out. All of the data is raw data that I have collected myself and has not been manipulated in way at all. N. B- The diameter of the wire was measured to be 0. 435mm. The cross sectional area was calculated as being 1. 48? 10-7m2. This value was used throughout the experiment to work out the different resistivity values using the resistivity equation as stated previously. Repeat| Length of Wire (m)| Voltage (V)| Current (A)| Resistance (? )| Resistivity (? m)| 1| 0. 2| 0. 044| 1. 911| 0. 023| 1. 71E-08| 2| 0. 2| 0. 042| 1. 907| 0. 022| 1. 64E-08| 3| 0. 2| 0. 043| 1. 909| 0. 23| 1. 67E-08| 1| 0. 4| 0. 088| 1. 882| 0. 047| 1. 74E-08| 2| 0. 4| 0. 085| 1. 879| 0. 045| 1. 68E-08| 3| 0. 4| 0. 087| 1. 869| 0. 047| 1. 73E-08| 1| 0. 6| 0. 132| 1. 839| 0. 072| 1. 78E-08| 2| 0. 6| 0. 135| 1. 845| 0. 073| 1. 81E-08| 3| 0. 6| 0. 129| 1. 839| 0. 070| 1. 74E-08| 1| 0. 8| 0. 158| 1. 748| 0. 090| 1. 68E-08| 2| 0. 8| 0. 163| 1. 741| 0. 094| 1. 74E-08| 3| 0. 8| 0. 159| 1. 745| 0. 091| 1. 69E-08| 1| 1. 0| 0. 207| 1. 739| 0. 119| 1. 77E-08| 2| 1. 0| 0. 209| 1. 738| 0. 120| 1. 79E-08| 3| 1. 0| 0. 201| 1. 710| 0. 118| 1. 75E-08| From the table above, I also worked out the averages of the results measured from the experiment. Repeat| Length of Wire (m)| Voltage (V)| Average V| Current (I)| Average I| Resistance (? )| Average R| Resistivity (? m)| 1| 0. 2| 0. 044| 0. 043| 1. 911| 1. 909| 0. 023| 0. 023| 1. 71E-08| 2| 0. 2| 0. 042| | 1. 907| | 0. 022| | 1. 64E-08| 3| 0. 2| 0. 043| | 1. 909| | 0. 023| | 1. 67E-08| 1| 0. 4| 0. 088| 0. 087| 1. 882| 1. 877| 0. 047| 0. 046| 1. 74E-08| 2| 0. 4| 0. 085| | 1. 879| | 0. 045| | 1. 68E-08| 3| 0. 4| 0. 087| | 1. 869| | 0. 047| | 1. 73E-08| 1| 0. 6| 0. 132| 0. 132| 1. 839| 1. 841| 0. 072| 0. 072| 1. 78E-08| 2| 0. 6| 0. 135| | 1. 845| | 0. 073| | 1. 81E-08| 3| 0. 6| 0. 129| | 1. 839| | 0. 70| | 1. 74E-08| 1| 0. 8| 0. 158| 0. 160| 1. 748| 1. 745| 0. 090| 0. 092| 1. 68E-08| 2| 0. 8| 0. 163| | 1. 741| | 0. 094| | 1. 74E-08| 3| 0. 8| 0. 159| | 1. 745| | 0. 091| | 1. 69E-08| 1| 1. 0| 0. 207| 0. 206| 1. 739| 1. 729| 0. 119| 0. 119| 1. 77E-08| 2| 1. 0| 0. 209| | 1. 738| | 0. 120| | 1. 79E-08| 3| 1. 0| 0. 201| | 1. 710| | 0. 118| | 1. 75E-08| Uncertainties within my results: Bef ore creating the graph of my results, I calculated the overall uncertainties of each measurement within this experiment, so that I could see where the most uncertainty of the average resistivity value comes from. To calculate the uncertainty for each measurement, I took the average measurement that had the biggest difference from its original data. The Percentage of uncertainties of each measurement was as follows: * Percentage uncertainty of the Voltage V= 0. 206 ±0. 005 V Uncertainty in V= 0. 0050. 206? 100%?  ±2. 43% * Percentage uncertainty of the Current I=1. 729 ±0. 019 A Uncertainty in I=0. 0191. 729? 100%?  ±1. 10% * Percentage of Uncertainty in Resistance R=V/I Uncertainty of R=1. 10%+2. 43%?  ±3. 53% * Percentage of Uncertainty in Length Uncertainty=0. 6 ±0. 001m Uncertainty in L=0. 0010. 6? 100%?  ±0. 17% Percentage of Uncertainty in Area: The Diameter of the wire is 0. 435 ±0. 0005mm The best area where the diameter is 0. 435mm A=? 0. 21752? 0. 1486mm2? 1. 486? 10-7m2 The Maximum area where the diameter is ? 0. 4355mm A=? 0. 217752? 0. 1489mm2? 1. 489? 10-7m2 The Minimum area where the diameter is ? 0. 4345mm A=? 0. 217252? 0. 1482mm2? 1. 482? 10-7m2 So the area is 0. 148 ±0. 0004mm2 with a percentage uncertainty of: A=0. 00040. 148? 100%?  ±0. 27% * So the percentage uncertainty in the Resistivity can be calculated as the sum of all the uncertainties in the experiment: ? =RAL=3. 53%+0. 27%+0. 17%= ±3. 97% The percentages of instrument error are as follows: * Voltmeter reading is  ±0. 0005V Instrumental error in Voltmeter= 0. 00050. 206? 100? 0. 24% * Ammeter reading is  ±0. 0005A Instrumental error in Ammeter=0. 00051. 729? 100? 0. 03% * Micrometer reading is  ±0. 0005mm Instrumental error in Mircometer=0. 00050. 435? 100? 0. 11% * The total instrumental error is the total of each instrumental error stated above which would be 0. 38%. Graph 1: Graph 2: Data Analysis: In all of my results that I have collected, there is a strong relationship between the increasing length of wire and the value for the resistance. One would expect this strong correlation between the resistance and the length since one of the simple laws of electrical resistance is that it increases proportionally with the increase in the length of the wire. One can explain this through the understanding of electrons in a circuit and the atoms arranged within the components in a circuit. With my experiment of copper wire, a current passed through my circuit once a voltage was applied to the circuit. When the electrons were given energy to move they passed through the circuit to the copper wire where they experienced the resistance which was calculated. As the lengths of the copper wire increase, the amount of fixed atoms within the structure of the wire increases. Due to this the electrons have a higher chance of colliding with the fixed atoms, which causes the wire to heat up and increase the resistance. One can see the certainty in the correlation between the average resistance and the length of the copper wire by looking at the gradient of the line of best fit within graph 1. The gradient shows that R? =0. 9984, showing an extremely strong positive correlation between the two variables. From the equation of the gradient displayed in graph 1, the average resistivity can be calculated which takes into account all of the points within the data collected. The gradient of the line shows the equation Resistance (R)Length (L). In the calculation for resistivity, one not only needs the value of RL, but also needs the cross sectional area of the wire. If the cross sectional area of the wire is multiplied by the gradient, then the average resistivity can be calculated: ? =RAL=0. 1192? 1. 486? 10-7m2? 1. 77? 10-8? m In Graph 2, the percentage of uncertainty of each average resistance was displayed in the vertical error bars. The percentage of uncertainty of the length of the wire was so small that it was not worth adding to the graph since it is extremely hard to see on the graph. From these percentage uncertainties of the average resistance in the experiment, one can calculate the maximum and the minimum values for the resistivity from looking at the gradients like we did for graph 1. To calculate the minimum gradient, I took the gradient of the line from the maximum uncertainty in the lowest resistance to the minimum uncertainty of the highest resistance. I did this to obtain the shallowest gradient possible from all the points on the graph. I then multiplied this gradient by the smallest area value. lowest ? =0. 1144? 1. 482? 10-7m2? 1. 70? 10-8? m For the maximum value of resistivity, I took the value of the gradient of the line from the minimum uncertainty in the lowest resistance to the maximum uncertainty of the highest resistance. I did this to obtain the steepest gradient possible from all of the points on the graph. I then multiplied this by the maximum area. maximum ? =0. 1263? (1. 489? 10-7m2)? 1. 88? 10-8? m After looking at the average, minimum and maximum values of the resistivity taking into account all of the uncertainties within the calculation one could say that from the investigation conducted, the resistivity of copper wire is 1. 76? 10-8 ±1. 2? 10-9. The percentage uncertainty of the resistivity would then be: 1. 2? 10-91. 76? 10-8? 100%? 6. 8% Biggest Source of Uncertainty From looking at all of the percentage uncertainties for all my measurements, the resistance produced the most uncertainty. The uncertainty of resistance was worked out by adding up the uncertainty of the voltage and the current measured. It must have been from these two calculations where the uncertainty of the resistance became noticed. From calculating the instrumental errors of the multimeter used as a voltmeter and an ammeter, I would not conclude that the vast majority of the error came from the accuracy of the apparatus. I would say that the average resistance I calculated was from the average current which had the biggest difference from its original data, and the average voltage which had the biggest difference from its original data. The average data I had chosen was 0. 206 ±0. 05V and the average data I had chosen for current was 1. 729 ±0. 019A, as they had the biggest uncertainties. Due to this fact I would have produced an uncertainty which had the biggest difference from the original value, so the maximum possible uncertainty for the resistance. Anomalies and Systematic Errors I did not have any anomalous results when looking at the average resistance graph. All of the points plotted show strong cor relation with the increase in length. Systematic errors may have contributed to some of my resistivity values being higher or lower than my overall average. An example of this could have been when measuring the diameter of the copper wire. The micrometer did not let me know if both of the sides of the copper wire were touching the micrometer measuring device sufficiently enough or whether or not it was touching both sides of the copper wire more than enough, which would then mean it squashed the diameter of the wire resulting in a lower diameter at certain points across the wire, since I took 3 readings and averaged them out. If this was the case, then one of my wires may have had a higher resistance than the others. One other systematic error may have come from the battery pack. It may have had a temporary glitch in which less electrical energy was sent through the circuit meaning less current was flowing through the circuit, resulting in a larger resistance than that of the previous recording with the same length of wire. This would also alter the final value of the resistivity. Another uncertainty which would be counted as human error could have been the position at which I had placed the crocodile clips at either end of the copper wire. For the same length of wire, the crocodile clip may have been placed further away from the end of the copper wire than the previous measurement, meaning that the length of the wire would have decreased marginally which may have resulted in a lower resistance recording. Also, when I measured the length of the copper wire, I had to straighten out the length of the wire since it was coiled. When doing this I may have accidently pulled the length of the wire increasing its length by a fractional amount. Having said this, it may have altered the resistance measured in the wire making it larger than it should have been since the electrons have to travel a longer distance. Evaluation After looking at all of my results, I believe that the method I used and the ways of reducing the uncertainty in my experiment were effective. The instrumental errors were minimal and the overall uncertainty of my final calculation of resistivity was a low value. The resistivity value itself did alter but mainly stayed constant throughout the experiment. As I have said, I do not believe this was because of the accuracy of the multimeters I used but due to other factors such as changes in the environment like temperature, or due to systematic errors to do with the battery pack I used. To decrease the uncertainty in my resistance measured, I could use an even lower resolution on my voltmeter (0. 1mV) and ammeter (0. 001mA) to reduce the negative effect of Least Significant Digits (LSD) and to give the most accurate result. This way I could then increase the precision of my results and record a value which is closer to the true value When comparing my average value of resistivity with the published value of resistivity which is 1. 72? 10-8? m, my average value is very close to the published value which shows the level of accuracy throughout my experiment considering the more precise tools that were used by the professionals to gain the published value. The repeats I did helped me to record a value for the resistivity that was close to the published value by reducing the random uncertainty in my results. To gain even more accuracy I could do more repeats, or I could alter the intervals between each length to 0. 1m to increase my range of data. That way I will reduce even more random error within my data. I could also change the different diameters of the wire or change the material I use to compare these results with those and see how they differ. One other change I could do next time is to use an Alternating Current (AC) rather than a Direct Current (DC), since AC is more conventional in houses so it would have provided further information as to how good copper is in the use of houses. How to cite Resisitivity Through Copper Wire, Essay examples

Liability and Contributory Negligence

Question: Discuss about the Liability and Contributory Negligence. Answer: Introduction: In this question, Rebecca and Michelle had gone to attend a performance by Oprah Winfrey. However as a result of a ticketing issue at the box office, the performance got delayed. Therefore, both of them drank wine at a bar while waiting for the performance to start. After the performance, Rebecca knew that Michelle was too drunk but still she decided to ride with Michelle in a car. But after some time, as Michelle was driving to unsafely, Rebecca told her to stop the car as she wanted to get out. But Michelle did not stop the car and after some time the car collided. Rebecca underwent serious injuries in the accident including a broken leg. As a result, now Rebecca wants to know if she can hold Michelle liable and also the effect of the defense of contributory negligence on this case. The law of tort describes contributory negligence as claimants behavior that has contributed in the injury of the claimant because the claimant did not fulfill the standard of care that would have been exercised by any other person under such circumstances for the purpose of avoiding the injury or to avoid the loss that was suffered by the claimant (Mason, 1987). Therefore generally a party facing a claim for negligence uses the defense of contributory negligence. However, the defense of contributory negligence is available only if the defendant is in a position to establish that it was also the fault of the claimant in some way and such fault has also contributed in part, regarding the injury that has been suffered by the claimant (Seddon, 1999). For this purpose, the defendant is also legally required to establish that in case it was just and equitable if the damages payable to the claimant are reduced so that the fault on part of the claimant can be considered (Legg, 1999) Therefore in such cases, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the claimant has also contributed in negligence. An example in this regard can be given of Dann v Hamilton (1939), when the claimant accepted the lift offered by the defendant even while being aware that the defendant was too drunk. The court stated that the defense of volenti non fit injuria will not be applicable in such a case. But the situation would be different if extreme circumstances were presen t, for example if the driver was so down that the drunkenness of the driver was obvious and thus it can be said that an obvious and glaring risk was accepted by the plaintiff (Palmer and Davies, 1980). Owens v Brimmell (1977) also needs to be discussed in this regard. Both the driver and passenger took wine. When they were returning home, the driver lost control and the car hit a lamp post. While deciding the case, the Court of Appeal stated that the passenger has also contributed in negligence because the passenger decided to ride with the defendant even when he was aware of the fact that the driver had consumed alcohol in a large quantity and as a result, it was difficult for the driver to drive safely and properly. The passenger can also be held liable for contributory negligence when the driver was aware of the fact that on the way back, the car will have to be driven by the companion but still the passenger accompanied the driver in excessive drinking. Therefore in such cases, although the defense of volenti non fit injuria is not applicable however the amount of damages awarded to the claimant can be reduced due to the contributory negligence of the claimant. Similarly in Astley v Austrust Limited (1999) , the matter before the court was if the claimant was responsible for contributory negligence because under the contract, it was decided by the defendant to protect the claimant from any loss/damage that may be caused due to the breach. In this case, the court also have to consider if the damages awarded to the plaintiff for the breach of contract can be reduced in view of plaintiffs contributory negligence. The answer given by the High Court to the first problem was in affirmative, the unsettled the second question was negative. However in view of this decision, in most of the states in Australia, amendments have been introduced to reverse the effect of the decision given in this case (Lockhart, 1989). In the present question, Rebecca and Michelle took wine while there were waiting for the show of Oprah Winfrey to start. But while returning back, Rebecca knew that Michelle was too drunk and therefore she cannot drive properly. Still Rebecca accepted to sit with Michelle. Similarly when they were consuming wine, Rebecca knew very well that the car will be driven by Michelle on their way back but she joined her in excessive drinking. But when it became clear that mission could not drive safely, Rebecca wanted to get out. Nonetheless, Michelle kept on driving and the car crashed and Rebecca underwent serious injuries. In this case, under the circumstances, Rebecca has suffered the injuries on account of the negligence of Michelle and at the same time, Michelle had breached the duty of care towards the persons who were riding with her in the car. On the other hand, it can be claimed by Michelle that Rebecca knew very well that Michelle was done when she accepted the ride. Consequently, the risk has been voluntarily assumed by Rebecca. Or in other words, it can be said that Rebecca had also contributed in the negligence due to which she had suffered the injuries. Therefore, Rebecca can sue Michelle for the injuries suffered by our but at the same time Michelle can also claim the defense of contributory negligence due to which the amount of damages awarded to Rebecca may be reduced. References Legg, M. (1999) 'The High Court's Decision on Contractual Liability and Contributory Negligence in Asrtey v Austrust Ltd 17 Aust Bar Rev 262 Lockhart C. (1989) 'Contributory Negligence as a Defence to a Claim for Breach of Contract: Arthur Young Co I, WA Chip Pulp Co Pty Ltd' 19 UWAL Rev 411 Mason, K. (1987) 'Contract and Tort: Looking Across the Boundary from the Side of Contract' 61 ALJ 228 Palmer, N.E. and Davies P.J. (1980) 'Contributory Negligence and Breach of Contract: English and Australasian Attitudes Compared' 29 Int Comp LQ 415 Seddon, N. (1999) 'Contract Remcdics where both Parties are at Fault' Remedies Teachers Conference (Melbourne) 7 Astley v Austrust Limited, 1999, 197 CLR 1 Dann v Hamilton [1939] 1 KB 509 Owens v Brimmell [1977] 1 QB 859